Viviana Castelli
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Department Member
- Cultural History, Historical Seismology, Medieval History, Siena, Social History, War Studies, and 8 moreRenaissance Siena, Early Modern History, Siena, Florence and their contadi, Catherine of Siena, Siena (Middle Ages), San Bernardino da Siena, Pinacoteca Civica di Ascoli Piceno, and Mino Milaniedit
The latest version of the Italian Macroseismic Database, DBMI15, has been released in July 2016, and replaces the prevision version, called DBMI11 (Locati et al., 2011). DBMI makes available a set of macroseismic intensity data related to... more
The latest version of the Italian Macroseismic Database, DBMI15, has been released in July 2016, and replaces the prevision version, called DBMI11 (Locati et al., 2011).
DBMI makes available a set of macroseismic intensity data related to Italian earthquakes and covers the time-window 1000-2014. Intensity data derive from studies by authors from various Institutions, both in Italy and bordering countries (France, Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia).
Macroseismic Data Points (MDPs) are collected and organized in DBMI for several scopes. The main goal is to create a homogenous set of data for assessing earthquake parameters (epicentral location and magnitude) for compiling the Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI). The data provided by DBMI are also used for compiling the seismic history of thousands of Italian localities (15213 in DBMI15), in other words the list of effects observed in a place through time as a consequence of earthquakes, expressed as macroseismic intensity degrees.
As they are closely linked, DBMI and CPTI tend to be published at the same time, and using the same release version (e.g. DBMI04-CPTI04, DBMI11-CPTI11), but in two distinct websites, one for DBMI, and a different one for CPTI.
From this release, DBMI and CPTI (Rovida et al., 2016) are made available using a unified website.
DBMI makes available a set of macroseismic intensity data related to Italian earthquakes and covers the time-window 1000-2014. Intensity data derive from studies by authors from various Institutions, both in Italy and bordering countries (France, Austria, Slovenia, and Croatia).
Macroseismic Data Points (MDPs) are collected and organized in DBMI for several scopes. The main goal is to create a homogenous set of data for assessing earthquake parameters (epicentral location and magnitude) for compiling the Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes (CPTI). The data provided by DBMI are also used for compiling the seismic history of thousands of Italian localities (15213 in DBMI15), in other words the list of effects observed in a place through time as a consequence of earthquakes, expressed as macroseismic intensity degrees.
As they are closely linked, DBMI and CPTI tend to be published at the same time, and using the same release version (e.g. DBMI04-CPTI04, DBMI11-CPTI11), but in two distinct websites, one for DBMI, and a different one for CPTI.
From this release, DBMI and CPTI (Rovida et al., 2016) are made available using a unified website.
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Il terremoto che il 28 luglio 1799 interessò con gli effetti più severi l’entroterra della provincia di Macerata è uno dei maggiori eventi della regione umbro-marchigiana. Localizzato in una zona sismogenetica di transizione dal regime... more
Il terremoto che il 28 luglio 1799 interessò con gli effetti più severi l’entroterra della provincia di Macerata è uno dei maggiori eventi della regione umbro-marchigiana. Localizzato in una zona sismogenetica di transizione dal regime tettonico distensivo della fascia appenninica a quello compressivo della più orientale fascia adriatica è strategico per la comprensione di questa complessa area.
La distribuzione degli effetti di questo evento sismico è stata ricostruita da più studi sviluppati negli ultimi trent’anni secondo piani di ricerca e livelli di approfondimento diversi. Rileggendo gli studi si nota che i più recenti forniscono intensità in parte assegnate ex novo sulla base di dati storici originali e in parte ereditate da studi precedenti, nel secondo caso senza controllare la congruenza tra intensità e dato storico di base. Questa scelta può comportare l’inserimento in un piano quotato di disomogeneità proprie del processo di assegnazione dell’intensità con la conseguente potenziale ‘distorsione’ dell’impronta stessa del terremoto.
Per non correre lo stesso rischio abbiamo (RI)analizzato l’evento (RI)letto le informazioni sugli effetti citati dalle fonti indicate dal complesso degli studi e (RI)assegnato le intensità secondo un percorso esplicitamente codificato. Le notizie raccolte ed utilizzate per l'assegnazione dell'intensità sono qui disponibili insieme alle motivazioni che ci hanno indotto ad assegnare un determinato valore d’intensità.
Ne viene fuori un evento meglio definito con valori d’intensità massima più severi di quelli finora assegnati ma più rispondenti agli scenari descritti dalle fonti. La presenza di due separate aree di massimo danneggiamento emersa nei più recenti tra gli studi disponibili è confermata anche dalla nuova immagine dell’evento e ci fa ipotizzare una sorgente complessa; probabilmente multipla.
Per comprendere il significato dell'evento storico in chiave sismogenetica abbiamo infine confrontato i risultati del lavoro con i caratteri sismotettonici e la sismicità passata e recente dell'area.
The earthquake of July 28, 1799, whose worse effects occurred in the hinterland of the province of Macerata, is one of the main events of the Umbria-Marches region. It is located in a seismogenic zone of transition between the distensive tectonic regime of the Apennines belt and the eastward compressive regime of the Adriatic coast, which makes it a key event for the understanding of this complex area.
The distribution of the effects of the 1799 earthquake was reconstructed by several consecutive studies developed by different agencies with different research plans and variable levels of analysis. A careful reading of all thse studies shows that the newer ones built up their intensity maps with values partly assessed from raw historical data and partly derived from previous studies (without first checking their correctness against original data). This choice does not only lead to non homogeneous results but it also entail the risk of adopting any mistakes made by previous studies and possibly even to distort the image of the earthquake.
We (RE)analysed the event, (RE)reading the data provided by all the historical sources identified by previous studies, and (RE)assigned all intensity values according to a standard procedure from original historical data; for each of the assigned values, the historical data used to assign it and a summary of the reasons that dictated the intensity assignment are provided.
As a result, the definition of the earthquake is improved; maximum intensity values are more severe than in previous studies but better aligned with the scenarios described by the sources. The presence of two separate areas of maximum damage (already highlighted by the most recent previous study) is confirmed, the which allows to assume that the earthquake of 28 July 1799 had a complex, probably multiple, source.
La distribuzione degli effetti di questo evento sismico è stata ricostruita da più studi sviluppati negli ultimi trent’anni secondo piani di ricerca e livelli di approfondimento diversi. Rileggendo gli studi si nota che i più recenti forniscono intensità in parte assegnate ex novo sulla base di dati storici originali e in parte ereditate da studi precedenti, nel secondo caso senza controllare la congruenza tra intensità e dato storico di base. Questa scelta può comportare l’inserimento in un piano quotato di disomogeneità proprie del processo di assegnazione dell’intensità con la conseguente potenziale ‘distorsione’ dell’impronta stessa del terremoto.
Per non correre lo stesso rischio abbiamo (RI)analizzato l’evento (RI)letto le informazioni sugli effetti citati dalle fonti indicate dal complesso degli studi e (RI)assegnato le intensità secondo un percorso esplicitamente codificato. Le notizie raccolte ed utilizzate per l'assegnazione dell'intensità sono qui disponibili insieme alle motivazioni che ci hanno indotto ad assegnare un determinato valore d’intensità.
Ne viene fuori un evento meglio definito con valori d’intensità massima più severi di quelli finora assegnati ma più rispondenti agli scenari descritti dalle fonti. La presenza di due separate aree di massimo danneggiamento emersa nei più recenti tra gli studi disponibili è confermata anche dalla nuova immagine dell’evento e ci fa ipotizzare una sorgente complessa; probabilmente multipla.
Per comprendere il significato dell'evento storico in chiave sismogenetica abbiamo infine confrontato i risultati del lavoro con i caratteri sismotettonici e la sismicità passata e recente dell'area.
The earthquake of July 28, 1799, whose worse effects occurred in the hinterland of the province of Macerata, is one of the main events of the Umbria-Marches region. It is located in a seismogenic zone of transition between the distensive tectonic regime of the Apennines belt and the eastward compressive regime of the Adriatic coast, which makes it a key event for the understanding of this complex area.
The distribution of the effects of the 1799 earthquake was reconstructed by several consecutive studies developed by different agencies with different research plans and variable levels of analysis. A careful reading of all thse studies shows that the newer ones built up their intensity maps with values partly assessed from raw historical data and partly derived from previous studies (without first checking their correctness against original data). This choice does not only lead to non homogeneous results but it also entail the risk of adopting any mistakes made by previous studies and possibly even to distort the image of the earthquake.
We (RE)analysed the event, (RE)reading the data provided by all the historical sources identified by previous studies, and (RE)assigned all intensity values according to a standard procedure from original historical data; for each of the assigned values, the historical data used to assign it and a summary of the reasons that dictated the intensity assignment are provided.
As a result, the definition of the earthquake is improved; maximum intensity values are more severe than in previous studies but better aligned with the scenarios described by the sources. The presence of two separate areas of maximum damage (already highlighted by the most recent previous study) is confirmed, the which allows to assume that the earthquake of 28 July 1799 had a complex, probably multiple, source.
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The knowledge of the seismic history of a country is essential for the protection of its environment and cultural heritage. For this reason we considered important to publish a short interview to three researchers in Historical Seismology... more
The knowledge of the seismic history of a country is essential for the protection of its environment and cultural heritage. For this reason we considered important to publish a short interview to three researchers
in Historical Seismology at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (‘Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia’ - INGV). This little known discipline aims to shade light on past earthquakes, successfully combining skills from both humanities and natural sciences, and offering a huge mass of information on Italian seismic history from the early Middle Ages to today.
in Historical Seismology at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (‘Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia’ - INGV). This little known discipline aims to shade light on past earthquakes, successfully combining skills from both humanities and natural sciences, and offering a huge mass of information on Italian seismic history from the early Middle Ages to today.
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Research Interests: Geophysics and Seismology
Contemporary newspapers and seismological literature describe in detail an earthquake occurred on December 31, 1948 in the Monti Reatini area (central Apennines, Italy). The seismic sequence that had this event as its main shock started... more
Contemporary newspapers and seismological literature describe in detail an earthquake occurred on December 31, 1948 in the Monti Reatini area (central Apennines, Italy). The seismic sequence that had this event as its main shock started in December 1948, went on for most of 1949 and was recorded in full by an unpublished regional earthquake catalogue compiled in 1980. However, none of the Italian parametric earthquake catalogues printed from the 1980s onwards records either the December 31, 1948 earthquake or the earliest part of the 1948 - 1949 sequence. This paper describes how the “forgotten” event of December 31, 1948 was rediscovered and reinstated as one of the main quakes on record in the Monti Reatini area. http://www2.ogs.trieste.it/bgta/pdf/bgta0111_BERNARDINI.pdf
... Po rrua, 1972] Assimismo se d `a noticia de las cometas que aparecieron en la Ciudad d e A rg el, y las ruinas y lastimosos sucessos que causaron en d icha Ciudad en la d istancia de cinquenta leguas, que destruý o la M agestad d e... more
... Po rrua, 1972] Assimismo se d `a noticia de las cometas que aparecieron en la Ciudad d e A rg el, y las ruinas y lastimosos sucessos que causaron en d icha Ciudad en la d istancia de cinquenta leguas, que destruý o la M agestad d e Dios NS docientos y quatro Lug ares, ...
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ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Current European parametric catalogues are still based, to a large extent, on the �seismological tradition� represented by the historical earthquake compilations issued between the second half of the 19th century and the first decades of... more
Current European parametric catalogues are still based, to a large extent, on the �seismological tradition� represented by the historical earthquake compilations issued between the second half of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century. Relatively few earthquakes from outside this tradition are included in the existent parametric catalogues, and those mostly as the result of fortuitous findings. No large scale search of such events has ever been carried out, mainly because of a widespread - if not expressed in such terms - consensus that such operations would be too costly and yield little. Being unlikely that strong earthquakes have been overlooked by any sort of compilation, these investigations would only yield low earthquakes, not effective for the definition of seismic hazard. The authors of this paper believe that a systematic inspection of journalistic sources from the 17th and 18th centuries can significantly contribute towards improving the knowledge of t...
Sommario Lungi dall'essere «poco sismico» o addirittura «non sismico», come è stata definita quasi unanimemente dai media, il settore della pianura padana orientale in cui sono localizzati i terremoti del maggio 2012 è caratterizzata... more
Sommario Lungi dall'essere «poco sismico» o addirittura «non sismico», come è stata definita quasi unanimemente dai media, il settore della pianura padana orientale in cui sono localizzati i terremoti del maggio 2012 è caratterizzata da una storia sismica plurisecolare e piuttosto ben conosciuta, grazie a una stagione di studi di sismologia storica avviata da quasi un trentennio. Questo articolo ricostruisce il contesto storico-sismologico della sequenza. Abstract Far from being "scarcely seismic" or even "non-seismic", as the media almost unanimously termed it, the eastern portion of the Po Valley in which the earthquakes of May 2012 occurred has a centuries-long seismic history that is fairly rather well known thanks to a series of studies incepted from as far back as the 1980s. This paper gives an overview of the seismological background of the May 2012 earthquake sequence
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ABSTRACT The earthquakes of May–June 2012 affected a heavily populated stretch of country on the northeastern border of the Italian administrative region of Emilia Romagna, which is an area of industrial districts that account for up to... more
ABSTRACT The earthquakes of May–June 2012 affected a heavily populated stretch of country on the northeastern border of the Italian administrative region of Emilia Romagna, which is an area of industrial districts that account for up to 2% of Italy’s gross domestic product and the seismicity of which had been, up till then, considered comparatively moderate. Understandably enough, the 2012 earthquakes had great resonance in the media and effect on public opinion. At the present time the Po Valley earthquakes of May–June 2012 are acknowledged as the strongest ones in the known seismic history of the area. For some years before, a major candidate for this distinction was the earthquake of 22 February 1346. An authoritative study (Boschi et al., 1997) credited the 1346 event with a 6.7 magnitude value that earmarked it as potentially one of the strongest historical earthquakes of Northern Italy. Later on, successive revisions of this study (Boschi et al., 2000; Guidoboni et al., 2007) did noticeably alter the epicentral location and estimated energy of the 1346 earthquake, but without explaining why these alterations had become necessary. In the wake of the May–June 2012 earthquakes the seismic history of the area became an object of great interest for historical seismologists. In this context the historical data set collected by previous studies on the 1346 earthquake was subjected to a thorough review and new information was sought. This paper presents the results of the investigation, which suggests the strong possibility that the 22 February 1346 earthquake never did happen at all.
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A paper by Viviana Castelli for Quaderno Sism 2016 Future Wars about the film starring Peter Sellers
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L’eruzione dell’Etna del 1669 è tra gli eventi di maggior rilievo nella storia vulcanologica italiana dell’ultimo millennio. Le relazioni “giornalistiche” dell’epoca, scritte e stampate mentre la lava scorreva devastando il fianco... more
L’eruzione dell’Etna del 1669 è tra gli eventi di maggior rilievo nella storia vulcanologica italiana dell’ultimo millennio. Le relazioni “giornalistiche” dell’epoca, scritte e stampate mentre la lava scorreva devastando il fianco meridionale dell’Etna, e in parte la stessa Catania, raccontarono fin nei minimi dettagli non solo il fenomeno fisico dell’eruzione ma anche i modi complessi e sfaccettati in cui una società intera reagì a un avvenimento estremo. Pubblicate in Italia e all’estero grazie a una complessa rete di diffusione delle informazioni, queste relazioni resero l’Etna e la sua eruzione un fenomeno di portata internazionale, suscitando un interesse destinato a non estinguersi mai più.
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This study was started in the frame of an assessment of the completeness of parametric earthquake catalogues. Its primary aim was to check whether early journalistic sources can yield "newn earthquake data, i.e. data on previously unknown... more
This study was started in the frame of an assessment of the completeness of parametric earthquake catalogues. Its primary aim was to check whether early journalistic sources
can yield "newn earthquake data, i.e. data on previously unknown damaging earthquakes and previously unknown data on such already known events. Another aim was to assess the quality of the resulting information, an important matter given the widespread opinion that early journalistic sources are highly unreliable. A large sample of monographical (pamphlets) and serial (gazettes) early journalistic sources was systematically searched for "new" earthquake data. The results show them to have a high informative content, while being no more unreliable than most historical sources. It is safe to assume that a large-scale combined effort to put this informative potential within general reach would give a great impetus towards increasing the completeness of the parametric earthquake catalogues of most European (and also non-European) countries.
can yield "newn earthquake data, i.e. data on previously unknown damaging earthquakes and previously unknown data on such already known events. Another aim was to assess the quality of the resulting information, an important matter given the widespread opinion that early journalistic sources are highly unreliable. A large sample of monographical (pamphlets) and serial (gazettes) early journalistic sources was systematically searched for "new" earthquake data. The results show them to have a high informative content, while being no more unreliable than most historical sources. It is safe to assume that a large-scale combined effort to put this informative potential within general reach would give a great impetus towards increasing the completeness of the parametric earthquake catalogues of most European (and also non-European) countries.
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Our perception of the September 30, 1789 earthquake (Io = VIII-IX MCS, M = 5.8 according to the latest Italian catalogue) is blurred by two major disturbance factors: it occurred across a political frontier and at a time of high political... more
Our perception of the September 30, 1789 earthquake (Io = VIII-IX MCS, M = 5.8 according to the latest Italian catalogue) is blurred by two major disturbance factors: it occurred across a political frontier and at a time of high political unrest. Its having been experienced by two independent countries (the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany and the Papal States) means that the 1789 earthquake provoked two independent official responses, embodied in a huge mass of records (letters, forms and reports concerning enquiries, damage surveys, relief measures, financial accounts et cetera), afterwards destined to be stored in different ways and places and therefrom to undergo intricate vicissitudes that led, in some cases, to their final or temporary loss. Its having occurred in the autumn of 1789, means that this earthquake did not attract as much interest, from the media and the scientific world, as it would probably have got had it happened in less troubled times. The Bastille had been stormed, the Declaration of the Rights of Men had been issued and Europe was still reeling under the shock. In Italy, professional journalists and cultured dilettanti alike were either too enthused or too outraged by the French goings on and their repercussions on international politics, to devote more than a perfunctory attention to an inland earthquake whose highest effects affected country villages and provincial towns in a secluded corner at the heart of the peninsula. Consequently, the 1789 earthquake rated only a few mentions in contemporary Italian gazettes, and none of the scientifically-minded took time to write treatises on its subject. Digging up the details of what actually happened in the Upper Tiber valley on September 30, 1789 earthquake is therefore far from easy, especially as parts of the original puzzle are probably lost for good. However, is it still worthwhile to spend time looking for them as the findings of a careful search allows to considerably improve the picture of this earthquake and therefore to completely re-assessment its epicentral parameters.
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The earthquake of October 3, 1943, is an important event for characterization of hazard in central Italy, but none of the earlier studies provide an exhaustive description of its effects. The context in which the earthquake occurred was... more
The earthquake of October 3, 1943, is an important event for characterization
of hazard in central Italy, but none of the earlier studies
provide an exhaustive description of its effects. The context in which
the earthquake occurred was very complex and many relevant records
were not available for consultation when the studies were made. This
study set out to improve our understanding of the earthquake and its
effects by giving special care to the interpretative problems deriving from
the peculiar historical and seismological context of the 1943 earthquake,
with reference to the possible interactions between earthquake
damage and war damage, and between the effects of the 1943 earthquake
and those of other local earthquakes occurred between 1936 and
1951. The historical data set collected by earlier studies was critically
revised and more data were sought in repositories that had not been
previously considered. The number of localities for which a macrosesmic
intensity can be assessed increased from 131 to 170. All intensity values
were reassessed; from these we calculate a new macroseismic magnitude
Mw 5.5 of the October 3, 1943, earthquake.
of hazard in central Italy, but none of the earlier studies
provide an exhaustive description of its effects. The context in which
the earthquake occurred was very complex and many relevant records
were not available for consultation when the studies were made. This
study set out to improve our understanding of the earthquake and its
effects by giving special care to the interpretative problems deriving from
the peculiar historical and seismological context of the 1943 earthquake,
with reference to the possible interactions between earthquake
damage and war damage, and between the effects of the 1943 earthquake
and those of other local earthquakes occurred between 1936 and
1951. The historical data set collected by earlier studies was critically
revised and more data were sought in repositories that had not been
previously considered. The number of localities for which a macrosesmic
intensity can be assessed increased from 131 to 170. All intensity values
were reassessed; from these we calculate a new macroseismic magnitude
Mw 5.5 of the October 3, 1943, earthquake.
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The 13 april 1558 earthquake was located midway between Siena and Florence (Tuscany) with epicentral intensity VI-VII MCS and magnitude 4.6 by the CPTI Working Group (1999) catalog. The historical data set from which these epicentral... more
The 13 april 1558 earthquake was located midway between Siena and Florence (Tuscany) with epicentral intensity VI-VII MCS and magnitude 4.6 by the CPTI Working Group (1999) catalog. The historical data set from which these epicentral parameters were derived is extremely scanty: two low macroseismic intensity data points (Florence and Siena) and vague mentions of "more damage" in the intermediate area. By mean of a targeted archive research, the data set has been very much improved (from 2 to 21 macroseismic intensity data points) and a new set of epicentral parameters has been assessed, turning a comparatively minor damaging event into one with epicentral intensity IX MCS and magnitude 5.8, located in Valdambra, an area with no extant record of seismic activity before this study.
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From their earliest beginnings in the 16th century, journalists never failed to find earth-quakes interesting. As a result, early journalistic sources offer a huge hoard of original earthquake data, mostly untapped to this day for... more
From their earliest beginnings in the 16th century, journalists never failed to find earth-quakes interesting. As a result, early journalistic sources offer a huge hoard of original earthquake data, mostly untapped to this day for seismological purposes [Camassi and Castelli, 2003]. In the aftermath of large earthquakes, the journalists of the 17th and 18th centuries tended to react in two ways. Either their interest for seismic news would increase, leading them to hunt for more news of the same kind, or it would focus exclusively on the “big one” to the detriment of lesser contemporary earthquakes. In the first case, it was possible that more earthquakes than usual would be given coverage; but in the second case more earthquakes than usual were likely to be overlooked and shadowed by the larger event. Through a comprehensive cross-check of Italian early journalistic sources, this paper attempts to highlight the “shadow-zones” of some major 17th–18th centuries Italian earthquakes.
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Testo preparato per la pubblicazione negli atti del convegno «Ambiente, rischio sismico e prevenzione nella storia italiana», organizzato dal Centro Interuniversitario per la Storia del Cambiamento Sociale e dell'Innovazione (CISCAM)... more
Testo preparato per la pubblicazione negli atti del convegno «Ambiente, rischio sismico e prevenzione nella storia italiana», organizzato dal Centro Interuniversitario per la Storia del Cambiamento Sociale e dell'Innovazione (CISCAM) dell'Università di Siena nel dicembre 2010.
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a paper by Viviana Castelli for Quaderno Sism 2016 Future Wars
Research Interests: Imagination and Steampunk
VVirgilio Ilari (Ed.). Contributors: Gregory Alegi, Mathias André, Ferdinando Angeletti, Christopher Bassford, Jeremy Black, Mehdi Bouzoumita, Riccardo Cappelli, Viviana Castelli, Paolo Cau, Lucio Ceva, Giuseppe Ciampaglia, Linda Roland... more
VVirgilio Ilari (Ed.). Contributors: Gregory Alegi, Mathias André, Ferdinando Angeletti, Christopher Bassford, Jeremy Black, Mehdi Bouzoumita, Riccardo Cappelli, Viviana Castelli, Paolo Cau, Lucio Ceva, Giuseppe Ciampaglia, Linda Roland Danil, Enzo de Ianni, Giuseppe della Torre, Augusto De Toro, Basilio Di Martino, Germano Dottori, Antulio J. Echevarria II, Immacolata Eramo, Dario Fabbri, Marco Formisano, Mariano Gabriele, Giampiero Giacomello, Emilio Gin, Matteo Giurco, Virgilio Ilari, Carlo Jean, Juhász Balázs, Marco Leofrigio, Mark Mandeles, Wojciech Mazur, Riccardo Masini, Sergio Masini, Andrea Molinari, Claudio Nardi, Elena Piana, Giangiuseppe Pili, Giovanni Punzo, Stefano Rapisarda, Stefano Ruzza, Wilder Alejandro Sanchez, Aldo A. Settia, Enrico Silverio, Teresa Silverio, Gian Piero Siroli, Donato Tamblé, Germana Tappero Merlo, Eric Robert Terzuolo, Ubong Essien Umoh, Maurizio Zinni